Task C- Career Pathway Essay

Complete level 2 certificate children and young people’s workforce To complete the level 2 certificate I need to take a maths, English and ICT test. I also need to be working in an appropriate environment. To help me achieve this qualification I will need the support of my tutor. I can also utilise my work colleagues particularly those who are more experienced and qualified. I can use the internet for researching and also textbooks e.g. Heinemann level 2 certificate children and young people’s workforce book. I will also have to gain a first aid certificate to complete this qualification. Complete level 3 certificate children and young people’s workforce To complete my level 3 certificate I will have had to pass the level 2 qualification. To complete this I will need to use the internet and books for my research. I will again have the support of a tutor to guide me through and would be able to ask work colleagues for help. This may then provide me the opportunity for a promotion at work because as a level 3 I could be a room leader. Foundation degree in early years To be able to study for a foundation degree in early years with The Open University you need to work in a registered early years setting and you must be over the age of 18. You need the agreement and support of your employer before registering. You must also be able to work with groups of 3 or more children on a regular basis. This degree helps build knowledge on children’s development and learning. It also teaches practical skills like planning, assessment and teamwork. To complete this degree I would use the internet for research. I could also use books e.g. Early Years levels 4 & 5 and the foundation degree by Francisca Veale. Progress to a management position in a business To progress to a management position I would need my level 2 and 3 certificates in children and young people’s workforce. It would also be beneficial to have a foundation degree in early years to show that I have a good understanding and knowledge of the early years. I would also need experience in a workplace and to show good teamwork and communication skills.

How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom Essay

In the book â€Å" The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom† by Yochai Benkler, he discussed the diversity of network and its impact to different aspects of society. Benklers discussed that technology is a big part of the development that had occurred. Technology is a tool used to a more effective communication. Media today uses these technologies to provide assurance that the message is delivered to the people. Internet has become a fast growing form of information source and communication tool. With this expansion comes its effect of distributing the main structure of producing and allocating information, culture and knowledge. Information is just a click away. This became a common source of reference whenever one wants to know something. This is said to be an open source to the public. In the process of acquiring this information, the most of the intelligence and effort shared by the author has the potential of being reused due to exposure. The complex network enables to diffuse the core information and be used by other as their own. Because of these economic characteristics, the mass-media model of information and cultural production and transmission became the dominant form of public communication in the twentieth century. Equally important is the example of the news media: fair use is healthy and vigorous in daily broadcast television, where references to popular films, classic TV programs, archival images, and popular songs are constant and routinely unlicensed. Internet is now on its constant development and through this communication is possible no matter how distant it is. The property right at issue is almost entirely a matter of respecting the authorship of the original work with the use of open source code, no less than with scholarly work. This sense of propriety, however, operates with a rigor in scholarship that exceeds the bounds of copyright law. Copyright only protects the author’s expression and wording of an idea from being used by another beyond the realm of fair use. By means of this, the author’s original idea can be protected and assured that his name will be credited when his work was used. The other issue that Benkler stated that the Media is also an open source where there is a distribution of new knowledge which we may apply to our culture and social traits as individuals. These have little impacts in small daily activities as we cannot notice, which at some point we may see that we had changed eventually. Some values that had been perceived are caused by these emerging networks. Since this had also been an environment to us and we need to adapt to these changes. Cultural production in the form of the networked information economy offers individuals a greater participatory role in making the culture they occupy and makes the culture more transparent to its inhabitants. On my understanding, it is true that advancement in these aspects is also giving development on human meaning and communication. Wide network can provide the potential for better human welfare and development and freedom. Human perception is perceived and improved constantly. We can also observe that most of us rely on computers. We can practice skills and acquire additional knowledge through this wide scope of information that is open to the public. Whether how small the task is, it still contributes to one’s personal enhancement through technological experience. This provides us a more complex human development. Another optimism of Benkler which I agree is that because of enhanced technology and wide network of information, we practice and shape the freedom in the society. This has impact on the modern liberal society. Changes in the technological, economic, and social affordances of the networked information environment affect a series of core commitments of a wide range of liberal democracies. Benklers’ optimism towards these changes is in accord to my opinion. Accessibility of media is not a problem anymore. Proliferation of networks has provided the industry, culture and social contributions to the changing society. Because of technological advancement and network expansion, our jobs became easier and more efficient. Also, with the new invented tools and equipment, we can do things we only imagine that would be possible. But with this progress comes with the disadvantages of the complex network that is still extending. One is the exposure of information where it can be abused by the users. They can use them and not acknowledge the author. In this issue, the end user takes the credit of the idea which is not his. This common crime happens commonly on the use of the internet. References: Benkler,Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. (2005) Documentary Filmmakers Statement of Best Practices in Fair Use. (2005). www. centerforsocialmedia. org/fairuse. htm Willinsky, John. The Unacknowledged Convergence Of Open Source, Open Access, and Open Science. First Monday. (July 2005) www. firstmonday. org/issues/issue10_8/willinsky/

Discussion question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Discussion question - Essay Example Consequently, the American government suffered a reduction in the level of its exports alongside other effects like a state of consumer’s surplus. In addition, this resulted to high rate of unemployment among the unskilled and semi skilled personnel. With the many provisions availed through NAFTA, member countries have tried to gain comparative advantage with regard to import and export trade. For instance, the agricultural industries benefited following NAFTA provisions of 1989, which abolished tariffs put on agricultural produce traded between the Canada and the United States, with a few exceptions for items covered by tariff-rate quotas, which were removed by January 1, 1998. This free trade attracted Import-competing industries that concentrated in goods once produced by firms mentioned previously. On the other hand, the growth of companies demanding high skills resulted in what has been termed as off shore outsourcing. This program took in many immigrants and offshore out sourcing companies estimated to be more than a quarter of the entire American labor force. Opponents of this program express their discomfort insinuating that it has wreaked havoc in the lives of most Americans. We can simply say that Consumer and producer surplus felt today is a result of the loss of low-skilled manufacturing jobs and increase in high-skill industries jobs both of which affects the American nation. The employment effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement: recommendations and background studies. (1992). Washington, D.C. (1522 K St., N.W., Suite 300, Washington 20005): National Commission for Employment

Arab-Israeli Peace Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arab-Israeli Peace Process - Essay Example Its goal was to destroy PLO bases there and to end the attacks across its borders. Meeting little resistance, Israeli commanders pushed northward. They reached the outskirts of Beirut within a week. Fighting with Syrian forces erupted as well; nearly 80 Syrian MiGs and 19 missile batteries in the Bekaa Valley were destroyed without the loss of a single Israeli plane. By the end of June, Israel had captured most of southern Lebanon and besieged PLO and Syrian forces in West Beirut. The siege ended through U.S. mediation in August. Israel agreed to leave Beirut provided Syrian and PLO forces also withdrew. A multinational force from the United States and Western Europe supervised the Syrian and PLO evacuation. On September 15, after the assassination of Lebanese president-elect Bashir Gemayel, Israel reoccupied Beirut. It then authorized Gemayels Phalangist militia to "cleanse" Palestinian refugee camps of any remaining PLO fighters. The Phalange massacred hundreds of Palestinians. The massacre sparked antiwar protests in Israel. (Ovendale, p. 243) Israel signed an agreement with Lebanon ending the state of war in May 1983. Under Syrian pressure, Lebanon renounced the pact in March 1984. Public pressures in Israel led to the withdrawal of Israeli troops by June 1994; Israel left some 1,000 "security personnel" behind to assist its Lebanese allies. Although Israels borders remained secure, its internal stability was threatened by ongoing demands for Palestinian self-determination and by an intifada (uprising) in the occupied territories launched in December 1987. Israel and the PLO signed a series of agreements on Palestinian self-rule beginning in 1993. These led to the turnover of much of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestinian control. Israel and Jordan formally ended their state of war in 1994. Peace talks between Israel and Syria resumed in December 1999. But they soon broke down. On a more

Biography person Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biography person - Research Paper Example decades of creative work, and the proof of her success partly lies in the more than 50 honorary doctorates that have been heaped on her by academia, attesting to the broad influence that she casts on many different areas of creative work, as poet, as dramatist, as activist for civil rights, as actress and historian, as a maker of films, as a producer, and as a writer of memoirs. She is known too for her groundbreaking work ‘I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings’, an international bestseller that was released in 1970. This book was controversial when it came out, because of its explicit and stark depiction of her experience with sexual abuse in her early life, to the point of being initially banned from many school systems around the time that it was released. Apart from this, she is likewise known for penning more than thirty other works that topped the bestseller lists, from the 36 different works that she was able to publish. In 1972 she would write and compose the music for the movie Georgia, Georgia, for which she would be nominated for a Pulitzer. Her directorial debut was in 1996., for the movie ‘Down in the Delta’. Apart from all this, she was also a professor at Wake Forest University for two decades and a half, holding the Reynolds professorial chair for American Studies there (Caged Bird Legacy). One perspective on the life and work of Maya Angelou is factual, and is from the biography-focused channel Bio. Her work of poetry, entitled ‘Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘Fore I Die’, was nominated for a Pulitzer in 1971, even as the non-fiction work and memoir ‘I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings’ was published to international recognition and praise two years prior. In 1993 she recited a poem that she had written on the inaugural of then President Bill Clinton, entitled ‘On the Pulse of the Morning’. She would go on, moreover, to establish friendships with various icons of American cultural wife in her later years, from the widow of Martin

Communion by Extension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communion by Extension - Essay Example Communion by Extension is an extension or expansion of the rite of Holy Communion in areas and at times wherein priests are not available for whatever reason. Holy Communion or Holy Mass is a weekly ceremony in church where the liturgy of the Word and the liturgy of the Eucharist are observed culminating in the consecration of the bread and wine for the communion of the faithful. Three churches in Great Britain have introduced this service – the Roman Catholic Church, the Methodist Church and the Church of England – amidst considerable controvery, according to Tovey (2009 p 1). It is the objective of this paper to examine this practice for its theological, liturgical and other considerations or implications with the end in view of adding enrichment and expanded understanding of the rite in the midst of the ongoing animated discussions on the subject. It is also hoped that the analysis may aid in providing guidance to non-ordained ministers who may be positioned to officiate in such a rite of the need to take extreme care in the officiating in the face of such unresolved milieu. What Is Communion by Extension? ... This practice of extended communion was officially allowed under the Guidelines approved by the House of Bishops in October 2000. Under the guidelines, communion by extension may be done only by explicit permission from the Bishop, emphasising the rite’s exceptional nature. Even when a parish has already secured a written authority to use the Commission by Extension service, the Sunday Holy Communion which is the main regular service must continue as a regular ceremony. The extension service may be led only by a person specifically authorised by the Bishop, and this person must ensure that proper care and dignity must be given to every detail of the ceremony so that it does not lose its solemnity and essence. Such a permission is always considered provisional and presumes that the service is not in itself a celebration of Holy Communion but enables the worshipping community to participate â€Å"by extension.† It is also presumed that the rules for its conduct shall stri ctly follow the Guidelines in form and substance. The act of allowing the faithful to receive communion without being part of the consecration in a Communion by Extension assumes that the gathering of the people is not a substitute for the Sunday service, which is mandated as a regular service, and is allowed only because a priest is not available to preside over a eucharistic celebration. Under this assumption, the receiving of the reserved sacrament is identified as part of the earlier Eucharistic rite and is therefore symbolically identified and linked to the universal church (Taylor, 2009 p 164). This Communion by Extension has been approved in the Anglican Church under heavy questioning over such authority granted to the laity. Some Theological Considerations A non-ordained person

World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

World War I - Essay Example Since Germany and Austria wanted a quick attack on Serbia, so that other countries would not get involved, an ultimatum was sent. When the ultimatum was sent to Serbia in July 23, 1914, which demanded Serbia to abolish all 'anti-Austrian activities', and allow Austria to investigate the assassination of Francis Ferdinand. Serbia accepted to the ultimatum, but did not allow Austria to investigate the murder. This caused Austria to declare war on Serbia on July 28. When Austria attacked Serbia, as the German leaders had anticipated, Russia prepared to attack Austria. Germany warned Russia to stop the preparation, but because Russia did not listen, Germany attacked Russia on August 1. Two days later, Germany also declared war against France, which was Russia's ally. Germany planned to invade France through Belgium, but unfortunately, Belgium refused this. On August 3, Germany invaded Belgium. The British then became involved in the war, for they had promised Belgium could be neutral, and not get involved in wars.1 In addition, the British had to join in the war because if they did not, Germany would control the continent of Europe. In less than six weeks, the domino effect had caused Serbia, Russia, France, Belgium and Britain to fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary. The WW1 fi... The WW1 finally broke out in June1914 because of an accident in Bosnia. It was the Sarajevo incident, the immediate cause of WW1. It took place on June 28, 1914. On that day, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife were shot dead by a young Serbian student at Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital. Austria considered the murder of the heir to the throne an open Serbian attack.2 Austria would be left without an heir. Although she could not find any evidence that the Serbian government was connected with the assassination, Austria still declared war on Serbia. Within two month, the war became a world war. Finally, the war ended in 1918. The Central Power included Germany had lost. The First World War lasted from 1914 to 1918 and was called The Great War or the war to end all wars until World War II started. Some scholars believe that the First World War was simply the first phase of a 30-year-long war that entailed the period of 1914 to 1945. The outbreak of the clash is often ascribed to the European alliances. Germany-Austria-Italy formed an alliance against France-Russia; Britain and Serbia supported France and Russia. In fact, none of the alliances was initiated in the early outbreak, though Russian general mobilization and Germany's declaration of war against France were motivated by fear of the opposing alliance being brought into play. By 1882, Germany was allied with Austra-Hungary and Italy, in an alliance called the Triple Alliance. Then, in 1887, they signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. Thus, Germany was allied with three major European nations and France was left isolated. In 1890, the German Kaiser set out to make Germany a major world power. He aimed to increase the number of Germany's overseas colonies.3 To do

The Merchant of Venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Merchant of Venice - Essay Example In the same scene, she showed what a good judge of character she was, when discussing the various suitors with Nerissa. She did not break her word, but managed to get the man she wanted by hanging on to her belief in love, and then offering him the duty and love she once gave her father. Next, is her quick mind and intelligence; she saw right to the crux of any problems and thought of solutions quickly. When Bassanio got the letter about Antonio's problems, she offered the money right away to get them out of trouble. It was a rational and decisive solution. When the offer of money did not work, Portia looked for another way out and sought expert help to put her plan into practice. Her intelligence meant she had a realistic view, and helped her recognize that a rich young woman would have no influence or power, but a clever young lawyer would. It also made her aware that expert advice was necessary, as was the quick decision to get that advice. Her great reasoning and negotiating powers allowed her to understand that Shylock wanted to use the law, so she would use it too, to get a good outcome for all. The third and most important characteristic is her ethical and fair way of dealing with everything.

Resume, cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resume, cover letter - Essay Example I am writing to apply for job at Ferragamo Korea. Recently, I graduated from the University at Buffalo majoring in Economics. I went to United States of America six years ago. I have been in a language school called GEOS. I have learned not only English but also about the culture of various countries of the world, while studying there. Thus, I have improved my global competence by studying abroad. After that, I entered Quincy College in May 2009, and then I transferred to The University at Buffalo in January 2012. During my academic stint there, I have taken composition classes and business courses. In these courses, I successfully completed a lot of research papers, presentations and group meetings. Through these experiences, I have developed strong communication skills as well as writing skills, which will be useful for the Logistics position. I have prior experience in Logistics position at Bosch Rexroth Korea. In addition, I have imbibed high sense of responsibility while working there and also improved my communication skills. Thus, utilizing that prior experience and training, I can provide effective productivity at Ferragamo Korea. I am aware that Ferragamo Korea always offers not only high quality service, but also has incorporated good company culture. Thus I am very much interested to get a job in the Logistics and Distribution section at Ferragamo Korea. If I am given the opportunity at Ferragamo Korea, I am sure I will make myself a valuable asset to the department and also the organization, and would also use that opportunity to further develop myself professionally as well as personally. I am looking forward to discuss about my qualifications for this position in Ferragamo Korea. Please feel free to email and contact me at jinhyeok2@hotmail.com, 010-4026-0140. Thank you for considering my

Different Aspects of E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Different Aspects of E-Business - Essay Example An 'e-shop' is merely a shop that uses electronic means of marketing. (Timmers, 2000) In this business potential customers would often ask the agent if they have a website and they sound disappointed when the agent replies in negative. There are some amazing websites developed by some real estate businesses and just looking at the site can convinces a customer of the power of the Internet. A successful e-business organization is the one that understands the requirement and meets the expectations of their customers. (Greengard, 2000) Not only do they have pictures of properties on sale, they also offer immediate quote service, online chat service with a staff member and also make suitable recommendations based on a person's needs. Real estate sector is not comprised of many big players. In most cases, this sector is run by small business owners- who have interest in the field and the resources to conduct marketing and sale of properties. It is precisely due to this that Internet offers greater benefits to the real estate business owners. It provides them with the much-needed exposure and opens marketing avenues for them so they can reach a sizeable population of home seekers. Potential customers find it easier to visit websites and check out various real estate services in the area and call the ones with the kind of properties they are seeking.

The civil war Essay Example for Free

The civil war Essay The guidebook tells us that Rockingham followed the standard Norman pattern which consisted of an outer bailey, courtyard, drawbridge and a curtain wall. Rockingham was a place for important historical events for example in 1096 king William II held a debate there. Source 13 tells us that the Domesday book says Rockinham was built in 1066, source 15 says William built the castle and source 1 says Rockingam was a typical Motte and bailey castle both source 13 and 15 support the guide book but the guide book does not tell us that Rockingham having 2 baileys was out of the ordinary we know it was from the diagrams in the Bayeux tapestry. But I think that the guide book is a reliable source of information on when Rockingham was first built. The guide book tells us that Rockingham was regularly visited by kings. King John visited Rockingham in every year of his reign. During the reign of Edward I royal building climaxed at Rockingham, during this time windows and fireplaces were installed. The massive round towers were added to the gate house. The last king to use Rockingham as a royal residence was Henery V in 1422. Source 16 shows the changes Edward made to the castle, source 3 tells us Edward I built gatehouses for many of his castles and source 5 is a picture of Caerphilly castle showing an example of Edwards building, the basic shape and design is much like Rockingham. I think the evidence supports the guide book as both tell us that Edward made improvements. The guide book describes Rockingham as a royal fortress and palace. This is true but the drum towers were added because it was the fashion at the time. This suggests that Rockingham was not used for defence as Caerphilly was. This shows that the guide book exaggerates slightly to tell us about the golden age of Rockingham. So i think that the guide book is reliable on this subject. The guide book tells us that Rockingham was subject to massive changes after it was bought by Edward Watson in 1544. The majority of the guide book tells us about the changes made from 1544 to make rockingham into a stately home. Source 15 tells us that most of the building work at Rockingham is Tudor not Norman, the 1st paragraph of source 17 tells us about Edward Watson. Source 22 is a 19th century plan but it shows the changes that were made and source 20 shows an engraving by Lavinia Watson showing Rockingham as a home. I think the guide book is reliable as the sources support the impression given by the guide book. Source 15 is reliable as Derek Avery in his book states basic facts which agree with the guide book. The guide book tells us that Lewis Watson bought the house from James I and it tells us about damage the castle suffered during the civil war. Source 17 tells us about the disgrace of Lewis Watson. He was a Royalist and lost the castle to the Parliamentarians. It tells us that the Parliamenntarians destroyed the keep, source 18 shows the keep before it was destroyed and source 12 tells us about how the Parliamentarians destroyed castles. I dont think the guide book is reliable as it dosent go into detail about the civil war. This could be because Lewis Watson was disgraced by Oliver Cromwell and put into prison. Source 17 is written by a descendent who had no reason to lie. This might not have been in the guide book because it does not make Lewis watson look good. My conclusion is that te guide book makes Rockingham look like it was and still is a stately home. The guide book was produced to tell us about how good Rockingham was and to show all of the high points in Rockinghams history. I think the guide book is reliable about when Rockingham was first built, improvements in the middle ages and Rockingham as a stately home but I dont think it is reliable about Rockingham during the civil war because it wants to show Rockingham in a good light and not the weaknesses it had during the civil war.

Health safety and security for health and social care Essay Example for Free

Health safety and security for health and social care Essay Potential Hazards and the Harm that may arise from each in a Health and Social Care Setting In this unit 3 assignment, I will be explaining the potential hazards and the harm that may arise from each (physical environment, equipment, infections, working conditions, working practices and security conditions) in a health and social care environment. These settings can include day centers, hospitals, health centers, schools, residential and nursing homes, private homes, and nurseries. First I will define each of them and then explain 6 hazards that may harm an individual. A hazard is something that is dangerous which can cause harm to you or any other individual and cause pain, especially if nothing is done to reduce the risk. Physical Environment Physical environment incorporates anything around ranging from different objects, people, pets, the temperature, buildings and also the air. This can have a great impact on the health of individuals and staff. If a room is not well ventilated with any windows so that there is fresh air flowing around, then the bacteria from different people with influenzas and cold can spread around the room and those germs when they sneeze or a cough can make it contagious for other people to catch very easily. Temperature is how hot or an object, subject or person is measured in degrees. Temperature can cause various complications to persons with disabilities, babies and older people because they find it difficult to sustain their body temperature, as it is very important to keep yourself wrapped up very warm to reduce the cold breeze from off of their body. It can cause bronchitis and other respiratory problems. Fumes and smoke that may be contaminated the air in the room because of fires (house fires, factory or building) or leakage (gas, petrol) can cause persons to inhale it and eventually die. Persons with very light skin who go to the beach or just going on picnics with residents or the residents themselves from within a care home may be exposing themselves to too much sun and not protecting their skin with sunblock or even a hat can which can cause skin cancer. Water that has been spilled and left on the ground can be a hazard to anyone in a care home as they may not see the water on the floor to avoid it and can slip and end up injuring themselves by damaging their spine or even fracturing their limbs. Blocked fire exists can be a hazard as it should be clear at all times in case of an emergency so that you are able to leave the building quickly. If the exits are blocked and persons try to run to that exist then they can run into the thing or even push down someone causing that indivi dual to be trampled on and fracture their ribs or have a head injury. Equipment You may find different equipment in a care home which can include overloaded sockets, wheelchairs, chairs, hot surface of a cup, broken piece of furniture, walking stick. These are equipment which is used daily in care homes. In a care, there may be certain things which you may need to plug in but overloading the sockets is not an option as the amount of energy that would be generating from the electricity can cause it to spark and go up in flames. Persons near these plugs may end up being burnt on any part of their body which may cause them to lose some of their skin or even death. Tripping over the cords if it is not properly protected by being covered over causing to cut their lips or fractures to some parts of their body or by even hitting their head onto something causing them to become unconscious and have brain damage. If persons use their wet hands to either plug in or out any plugs it can be very dangerous as they can be electrocuted these hazards may cause people to be trap ped in the building because the elderly are not able to move as quickly as they would like to. An elderly can be at risk of falling out of the wheelchair when being pushed if they are not safely secured to the chair. This may cause individuals to bruise or fracture themselves as elderly people are very fragile. If left in the way the wheelchair can cause someone to hit their feet into it causing bruising and swelling to the toes. Chairs can also be another set of hazards that can harm someone when left in the way as it can also injure their feet if they hit into it. This can cause bleeding, swelling, bruising and obviously pain to the individual’s feet. Broken equipment such as a chair that needs to be thrown out because it is weak if the chair is left in everyone’s way and one of the elderly sits in it the chair will give way causing the individual to land on the floor and have back injury or even shift their pelvis out of alignment. Sometimes these scales can be very serious and life-threatening as they will need to seek medical attention. When giving the elder ly anything that may be hot you have to be careful as it may burn their hands and they may end up dropping the tea or cup over their legs or hands causing it to scald them. This can cause blisters and charred, black or red skin. Sometimes in a care, an elderly person may be sitting down but does not put the walking stick out of anyone’s way. A carer or another elderly person may be passing and does not see the stick will end up tripping over the walking stick and hurt the elderly person’s feet causing pain and swelling to that individual and to the person that fell they may have bruising.

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Causes and Treatments

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Causes and Treatments Postoperative nausea and vomiting is the nausea and vomiting symptoms which occurred after a surgery, medicines intake or anaesthesia usage. Around 18 to 30 of surgical patients have PONV and the nausea and vomiting symptoms are usually self-limiting in most cases.1 Uncomplicated PONV usually resolve within 24 hours after an operation whereas intractable PONV involve various triggering factors and resist to medical treatment, making it harder to treat. Studies revealed that most patients dislike chronic PONV more than postoperative pain as it is a more distressing illness and it may lead to several serious clinical consequences if left untreated. In the case of repeated vomiting, PONV patients might suffer from dehydration and have a higher chance of developing hiatal hernia, a condition where the upper part of stomach protrudes into the thorax through the opening of diaphragm. Other than that, patients might also experience anorexia, gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, weakness, dizziness and nausea while not vomiting. Chronic vomiting can also cause complications like dental damage and sore throats due to exposure of oesophageal lining and mouth cavity to the low pH gastric acid. Moreover, PONV may induce serious problems like pulmonary aspiration, electrolyte abnormalities, wound dehiscence, increased pain and oesophageal rupture.4,5 Despite causing patients discomfort, patients also have to pay more for the delayed hospital discharge. Each incidence of vomiting has increased postanaesthetic care unit (PACU) stay duration by 20mins. Therefore, to reduce the unanticipated hospital admission and the financial burden broug ht by PONV, there is a need to understand the disease pathophysiology so that precise and mechanism-based treatment strategies can be developed to tackle the emesis problem. The vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) are the two main parts of the brain controlling the vomiting action. The vomiting centre is located within the medulla oblongata and the emesis action is initiated via the stimulation of five primary afferent pathways. They are the chemoreceptor trigger zone, vagal mucosal pathway of the gastrointestinal system, neuronal pathways from the vestibular apparatus system, inputs from the periphery glossopharyngeal nerve and reflex afferent pathways from  cerebral cortex C2,3 and midbrain afferents. Next, efferent nerve impulses are sent to various place of the body such as the pharynx, larynx, diaphragm, intercostals muscles and gut to initiate the vomiting reflex. During the ejection phase of the vomiting reflex, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles  simultaneously contract and the elevated intra-abdominal pressure leads to the throw up and expulsion of gastric contents. A variety of receptors are participated in the emesis action. They are the histaminergic(H1), dopaminergic(D2), serotonergic(5-HT3), muscarinic and neurokinin-1 receptors. Consequently, pharmacological agents which target on these receptors can be utilized to treat PONV. However, the British National Formulary (BNF) had advised that antiemetic agents should only be used once the causative factor for nausea and vomiting was identified. This is because the use of antiemetic is sometimes dangerous and inappropriate in clinical cases like diabetic ketoacidosis, digoxin or antiepileptic overdose.6 Hence, the aetiology and possible causative factors of PONV should be investigated to guide the planning of the pharmaceutical management steps and the antiemetic selection for treating PONV. There are patient-specific factors, surgical factors and anaesthetic risk factors which contribute to PONV prevalence. Patients who aged 6 to 16 year old, female, non-smoker, obese or have a history of motion sickness or PONV are proven to be the high-risk patient group. Moreover, patients who have chemotherapy, migraine and gastroparesis problems are also susceptible to PONV. Other causative factors include elevated intracranial pressure, metabolic abnormalities, gastroduodenal ulcers, dehydration and infections of the gastroesophageal lining. As for the surgical factors, PONV is related to the premedication side-effect, prolong fasting, conditions of gastric inflation during mask ventilation, use of long-acting opioids, nitrous oxide, volatile anaesthetics and high dose neostigmine in surgery. In addition, frequent head movement of patient and early intake of food after surgery can also potentiate the nausea problem.1 Some types of operations have higher chance of developing PONV, they are the gynaecological surgery, ear, nose and throat operation, intra-abdominal and squint correction surgery. Furthermore, the surgical duration is also an important contributor which predisposes patients to a higher risk of PONV. Every 30 minutes extension in surgical time can increase risk of PONV by 60% as patient is taking in more anaesthetics into the body. Hence, healthcare team should control and minimize the surgery duration such that risk of getting PONV is reduced. Although it is not relevant to discuss anaesthetic techniques in this case scenario, it is important to note that regional anaesthesia should be preferred over general anaesthesia during surgical process. According to SOGC guideline, there is an 11-fold increase in the PONV risk when using general anaesthesia rather than regional anaesthesia. Apart from that, volatile anaesthesia, long-acting opioid and neostigmine should also avoid in surgery as these agents predispose patient to PONV. If the use of general anaesthesia is unavoidable in a surgery, propofol can be a suitable induction agent because it induces less PONV incidence. A thorough assessment should be carried out to serve as a rationale for the management plan of PONV. The past medical history, frequency and nature of the vomiting episode, blood electrolyte test and physical examination can be evaluated to identify the severity of disease condition and the aetiology of PONV. Subsequently, the appropriate pharmacological agents which target on the responsible pathway of emesis can be given. Many antiemetic preparations are available in the market and patients can choose between formulations of solution, buccal tablets, rectal suppository and subcutaneous (SC), intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injections when oral route is not feasible.6 As no single agent provides complete control in emesis, most hospital has adopted a multimodal approach and a combination strategy where different antiemetics which target on different receptors are utilized in the treatment of PONV.1 Combination therapy becomes the preferable way to treat PONV and the generally used combination is 5-HT3 receptor antagonists with droperidol or dexamethasone. Granisetron and ondansetron are examples of 5-HT3 or serotonin receptor antagonists. They exert their effects in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and at vagal afferents of the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies showed that no single agent performed exceptionally well than the others of same class as all 5-HT3 antagonists illustrated similar safety and efficacy profile. Yet, a recent meta-analysis which includes 85 randomized controlled, double-blind studies with 15,269 patients involvement had established that the antiemetic effect of granisetron is significantly superior to ondansetron and dolasetron. Ondansetron was also found to be more cost effective than granisetron. 1-2mg of granisetron or 4-8mg of ondansetron can be delivered in intravascular route at the end of surgery for PONV treatment. Long-acting serotonin antagonist with higher binding affinity to 5-HT3 receptors, palonosetron, is also available in the market with a long half-life of about 40 hours. Patients receivin g these agents might experience headache, constipation and dizziness problems. Droperidol is a butyrophenone which acts competitively on central dopaminergic receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). It is applied in 0.625-1.25mg IV route at the end of surgery. A systematic review of 24 randomized studies was carried out by Schaub and team, they concluded that droperidol decreases PONV incidence regardless of the dose given to patients. However, this drug is only used as a third-line antiemetic for intractable PONV when other alternative treatments failed because droperidol can lead to adverse effects associated with QT prolongation and torsades de points, sedation, anxiety, hypotension and extrapyramidal symptoms. Due to its possibility in causing fatal arrhythmia, electrocardiographic monitoring is compulsory each time upon its usage. Nonetheless, a double-blinded randomized clinical study which included 120 patients stated that there was insufficient evidence to prove the QTc prolongation effect induced by droperidol after surgery. Dexamethasone is classified under corticosteroids and often delivered in a 4 to 5mg one-off dose via IV or IM route.19 The exact mechanism of action is unknown but it is related to the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and its ability to reduce 5-HT turnover in the CNS. Although dexamethasone is not licensed for the indication of PONV, this drug is as effective as other conventional antiemetic drugs like droperidol and serotonin antagonists. A single blinded, randomized-controlled interventional study had illustrated that the administration of dexamethasone is useful for the reduction of PONV episodes (30% in contrast to 70% of the placebo group).20 Moreover, Ormel et al. illustrated that the addition of dexamethasone to droperidol and ondansetron showed a profound amplification in the efficacy profile of these triple agents combination. It stands as a good alternative for PONV treatment due to the advantage of cost-effectiveness issue and its characteristic of long ac tion duration. As dexamethasone can increase plasma glucose level, it is not recommended for diabetic patient. Furthermore, unfavorable side-effect like postoperative euphoria, impaired wound healing, irritability and adrenal suppression can happen in patient taking long-term corticosteroids. Metoclopramide is a gastroprokinetic agent which acts on the D2 receptors of the gastrointestinal tract. It can accelerate the gastric emptying rate of gastroparesis and GI obstruction patients.2,6 Despite blocking the D2 receptors, it also has antagonist action on 5-HT3 receptors in the CTZ and vomiting centre when delivered in high doses. 5 to 20mg dose of metoclopramide in subcutaneous, oral or IV route is commonly taken by patient before meal and before bed.6 This medicine is commonly administered as combination therapy because there is conflicting evidence stating that metoclopramide alone is ineffective for PONV and it should not be use unless the causative factor for PONV is gastric stasis. Yet, a recent meta-analysis has proved that 10mg IV metoclopramide does well in preventing nausea and vomiting problems after the general anaesthesia surgery. As with the phenothiazines discussed below, both drugs have limited use in practice due to the adverse reactions like extrapyramidal effects and dystonia disorder particularly in pediatric and young adults population. Phenothiazines is an example of strong dopamine antagonist which also act on medullary CTZ. Promethazine, prochlorperazine and perphenazine belong to this group and take part in the prophylaxis and treatment of PONV.24 Prochlorperazine is often administered as a 12.5mg deep intramuscular injection or in a 3 to 6mg dose buccal preparation 12 hourly after the surgery. These agents show superior efficacy in treating opioid-induced PONV. However, high-dose metoclopramide and phenothiazines are now less likely used in clinical practice because of their significant side effects like acute dystonic reactions, sedation, dizziness and extrapyramidal symptoms.9,25 A systematic analysis consisting of 19 non-randomized and randomized clinical trials had demonstrated that most studies supported the effectiveness of promethazine in reducing PONV occurrence when compared to placebo and that combination therapy is always preferable and more effective than promethazine alone. Cyclizine is an antihistamine drugs which block the H1 sympathetic pathway in the vomiting centre. The antimuscarinic and antihistamine properties of cyclizine render it to become an antiemetic drug in PONV treatment. A randomised double-blinded study which involved the participations of 960 women had shown that patients who received cyclizine monotherapy showed a slightly greater antiemetic effect than granisetron alone (PONV incidence of 24% with cyclizine compare to 23% in granisetron group).26 Cyclizine can be given orally, intramuscularly or intravenously, with common antimuscarinic side-effects like sedation and dry mouth. Severe heart failure patient should avoid taking this medicine because it leads to detrimental haemodynamic effect.6 The acidic pH of cyclizine at 3.2 also causes pain and irritancy to body upon injection.10 As a result, patients usually have 50mg of cyclizine IV injection every 8 hours after proper dilution. A lower dose of 25mg in oral, IM or IV preparation s can also be applied in elderly patient. Scopolamine has anticholinergic property which inhibits the muscarinic as well as the histaminergic receptors in the vestibular apparatus and the nucleus of the tractus solitarus.3,9 Patients who undergo middle ear surgery or use opioids as postoperative anaesthetics are recommended to take scopolamine for their profound efficacy in reducing PONV.3 Scopolamine requires 2 to 4 hours for onset of duration. Hence, a fast-acting antiemetic or a loading bolus dose is needed in urgent case. It is available in transdermal form as a 1.5mg patch which can be placed behind the ear. This slow-release formulation can have sustained effect up to 72 hours. Apfel C et al. had reported that transdermal scopolamine had significantly reduced the risk of PONV when compared to the placebo group although it has the main side-effects of dry mouth, sedation and visual disturbances.28 Furthermore, a comparative study between the combination use of ondansetron plus scopolamine patch and ondansetron alone als o proved that the earlier group significantly decrease the nausea and vomiting incidence after surgery. Other than a mechanism-based approach, less conventional therapeutic agents can also be used to treat intractable PONV cases. An antidepressant with a novel indication, mirtazapine, is able to ease the nausea and vomiting symptoms because it can antagonize 5-HT3 receptors. A small scale randomized trial which compared the therapeutic outcome of mirtazapine and ondansetron had showed that patients using mirtazapine were less anxious and had fewer PONV episodes than the ondansetron group. Next, olanzapine which is recognized as an atypical antipsychotic drug also proved to have potential in treating PONV. It can inhibit several receptors such as the dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine and 5-HT3 receptors. Ibrahim M et al. had conducted a randomized controlled study which involved 82 surgical patients. The result proved the efficacy and safety profile of olanzapine against PONV especially during the late postoperative stage. Other than medications approach, non-pharmacological interventi ons also show potential therapeutic efficacy in PONV management. Acupuncture, acustimulation or acupressure serves as a good alternative or adjuvant therapy for PONV patients as it shows good tolerability and safety profile. The P6 point (Neiguan) which located at 5cm near to the ventral wrist is the target site of these alternative approaches. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation delivered to the P6 point of the pericardium meridian has been proved to be an efficient way in preventing emesis. Patients only complain of light side-effects like needle fainting, allergy, needle site pain, anxiety or lethargy problems when using this method. In order to solve the labour intensive and time-consuming issues of traditional Chinese acupuncture, the acupressure and acustimulation wristband are introduced in the market (Sea-Band and ReliefBand). Sea-Band applies steady, continuous pressure on the P6 point whereas ReliefBand is a watch-like device which conducts low current to P6 point via electrodes in contact with the skin. Based on the well-established efficacy profile and good evidence-base literature support, healthcare professionals can involve more acupuncture interventions in treatment practice as part of the multimodal approach. In this case, the intractable emesis symptoms experienced by the old woman might indicate the failure of prophylaxis treatment or the need to start a primary antiemetic treatment. Before the initiation of a rescue treatment, a bedside examination and a patient interview should be done to find out whether the PONV symptom is associated to issues such as morphine analgesia, surgical pain management, infection, intestinal obstruction, hypotension, hypoxia, blood in the pharynx, anxiety or removal and insertion of nasogastric tube. 5-HT3 antagonist is the recommended drug for patients who previously do not receive a prophylaxis treatment. Patient can start with a low dose regimen such as ondansetron 1 mg, dolasetron 12.5 mg and granisetron 0.1 mg. If drugs for prophylaxis had been given but fail, patients can then try other class of antiemetics to tackle more diverse receptor pathways. For instance, Habib et al. had found that the failure of prophylactic ondansetron or droperidol can be replaced with rescue agents like promethazine (12.5-25 mg IV), prochloperazine (12.5mg IM) or cyclizine (25-50mg IV or IM) to achieve a better outcome. This is because consensus guideline support that the repeat use of 5-HT3 antagonist within the initial 6 hours postoperative period provides no extra recovery response. If patient use dexamethasone as prevention agent, small dose 5-HT3 antagonist (25% of prophylactic dose) can then be given as a rescue approach. A study also concluded that the cost-effectiven ess of ondansetron in low dose treatment group was higher than that in the high dose prophylatic group. Moreover, in the case of the aggressive treatment failure, such as those who had taken 5-HT3 antagonist, droperidol and dexamethasone altogether but failed, repeat dosing of same prophylactic regimen except dexamethasone can only be considered 6 hours after the surgery though the optimal dosage and timing for readministration still remain unknown. Transdermal scopolamine can also be prescribed for outpatients as it is a more convenient preparation than the parenteral drugs. Prolong use of opioids for pain control after surgery should also be minimized as side-effects like nausea and vomiting are correlated to the prescribed dose. Alternative analgesics like NSAIDS can be used to substitute the causative opioids. In persisting case, pharmacist can review the prescription and anaesthetic charts to ensure adequate maintenance of analgesia, antiemetic and oxygen supply. Dose escalation under safety and therapeutic dosage range can also be worked on. However, pharmacist should be cautious on polypharmacy problem as it may aggravate nausea and vomiting in susceptible patient. Non-oral drug preparations can be considered over oral route to avoid burdening of patient with excessive pills at one time. If necessary, the acupuncture treatment can also be applied to attempt a multimodal approach. Pharmacist should also concern about the possible dehydration risk that might be encountered by chronic PONV patients. For this reason, the blood pressure, hydration and perfusion level of patients have to be checked on a regular basis. Patients should be told to report of symptoms like dry or sticky mouth, sunken eyes, reduced urination or dark yellow urine. If constipation or diarrhea happens, intravenous fluid replacement therapy, osmotic or stimulant laxative can be given to solve the issues. For the dietary measures, patients should avoid oily or spicy food which might aggravate the nausea. Small, frequent meal is preferable over big heavy meal as light meal reduce the possibility of gastric discomfort. Patients should be advised to not move around too often to avoid triggering the vomiting centre. Furthermore, in post-discharged nausea and vomiting (PDNV) case, the antiemetic efficacy profiles are different from PONVs as they have dissimilar underlying cause. Droperidol should be avoided as it is ineffective in treating PDNV.2 If the patient still not responsive to all these approaches, specialist intervention should be initiated to treat intractable nausea and vomiting symptoms. Serious causative factors like surgical complication might be suspected and further investigations are required to treat this disease. In a nutshell, the optimization management of PONV disease requires the participation of the multimodal approach. Patients should be treated accordingly after the accurate disease assessment and further modifications of treatment approaches like (dose-adjustment, introduction of new agents or alternative approaches) can be done to control patients nausea and vomiting symptoms. Lifestyle modification and non-pharmacological interventions also play an important part in treating PONV. Proper patient education about symptoms management should be delivered and follow-up session can be arranged to assess patients rehabilitation progress. Apart from that, reassurance and full supportive care from healthcare teams also play an important role in reducing patient distress and anxiety level.

Poverty in Edith Whartons Ethan Frome Essay -- Ethan Frome Essays

Poverty in Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome Poverty is defined as deficiency, or inadequacy. It can be used to represent more than just the lack of money. Poverty is constant throughout the novel, Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton. Poverty is evident in almost every area of Ethan's life. First of all, obviously, Ethan lacked money. His farm squeezed out just enough money to keep him and his household going. On page 133, Ethan is thinking of selling his property, but then he remembers its condition... "Farm and mill were mortgaged to the limit of their value, and even if she found a purchaser- in itself an unlikely chance- it was doubtful if she could clear a thousand dollars on the sale... it was only by incessant labor and personal supervision that he managed to draw a meager living from his land..."  Ã‚   The town in which he lived was also quite poor. It snowed most of the time, so it was a bad area for agriculture. Another type of poverty evident in Ethan's life was that he had little happiness. He was forced to quit his career to aide his sick father. His father th...

Mother Daughter Relationships - Understanding Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Understanding the Mothers and Daughters of The Joy Luck Club  Ã‚   Amy Tan's novel, The Joy Luck Club explores a variety of mother-daughter relationships between the characters, and at some level, relationships between friends, lovers, and even enemies.   The mother-daughter relationships are most likely the different aspects of Amy Tan's relationship with her mother, and perhaps, some parts are entirely figments of her imagination.   Therefore, Amy Tan believes that ramification of cultures and tradition between a family can be burdensome and cause the family tree to fall apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the beginning of the novel, we hear Suyuan Woo tell the story of "The Joy Luck Club," a group started by some Chinese women during World War II.   June explains while remembering the memories of her mother, " 'We feasted, we laughed, we played games, lost and won, we told the best stories...we could hope to be lucky.   That hope was our only joy,' " (12).   The mothers grew up during perilous times in China.   They were raised to never forget an important outlook of their life, which was, "to desire nothing, to swallow other people's misery, to eat [their] own bitterness" (241).   For many years, the mother did not tell their daughters their stories until they were sure that their fractious offspring would listen.   By then, it is almost too late to make them understand their heritage that their mother left behind in China.   It seems that their family's legacy cannot seize their imaginations after years, decades, and ce nturies of blissfulness and sorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the eyes of the daughters, we can also see the continuation of the mother's stories, how they learned to cope in America.   With this, Amy Tan touches on an obscure, little discussed issue, which is the divergence of Chinese culture through American children born of Chinese immigrant parents.   The Chinese-American daughters try their best to become "Americanized," at the same time, casting off their heritage while their mothers watch in dismay.   For example, after the piano talent show fiasco, a quarrel breaks out between June and Suyuan.   June does not have the blind obedience "to desire nothing...to eat [her] own bitterness."   She says to herself, " 'I didn't have to do what my mother said anymore.   I wasn't her slave.   This wasn't China' " (152).   Unbeknownst to June, Suyuan only hopes and wants the best for her daughter.   She explains, " 'Only one kind of daughter can live in this house.

rainforest destruction Essay -- essays research papers

Rainforest Destruction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainforests cover less than two percent of the Earth’s surface yet they are home to some forty to fifty percent of all life forms on our planet: as many as 30 million species of plants, animals and insects. The Rainforests are quite simply, the richest, oldest most productive and most complex ecosystems on earth. As biologist Norman Myers says, â€Å"Rainforests are the finest celebration of nature ever known on the planet and never before has nature’s greatest orchestration been so threatened.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Rainforests are very important to the world for many reasons, most of them being very simple. One of the major reasons is that the plants in the forest turn carbon dioxide into clean air, which helps us, fight pollution. Also, by absorbing carbon dioxide, the rainforests help deter the greenhouse effect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plants and animals of the rainforest also provide us with food, fuel, wood, shelter, jobs and medicine. â€Å"Imagine losing the potential cure for cancer or AIDS that might have been found in an undiscovered plant from the rainforest.† (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996) â€Å"The vine Aucistrocladus koropensis may be effective in treating AIDS; we can only guess what other beneficial plants may be destroyed before we find them.† (Allo, 1996) It is repeated often that the rainforest contains important plants that will cure the worst diseases of today. Although there is scientific proof of its value, the rainforest continues to disappear. â€Å"In every sense, a standing rainforest supplies more economic wealth then if it were cleared†¦yet deforestation continues at an alarming rate.† (Tropical Rainforest Coalition, 1996)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tropical rainforests are found in eighty-five countries around the world. â€Å"Ninety percent of these forests are concentrated into fifteen countries, each country containing over ten million hectares each.† (Malaysian Timber Council, 1995) Tropical rainforests are located around the equator, where temperatures stay above eighty degrees Fahrenheit year round. These forests are very dense and damp. â€Å"Although tropical rainforests cover just seven percent of the Earth’s surface, they can provide habitat for between fifty to ninety percent of its plant and animal species. In 1990, tropical rainforests totaled some 1.7 billio... ...ese rainforest species have never even been seen. â€Å"Scientist estimates an average of 137 species of life forms are driven into extinction everyday or 50,000 each year.† (Myers) While extinction is supposed to be a natural selection this is purely human induced. Quite simply when habitat is reduces, species disappear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All in all, the tropical rainforests are one of the Earth’s greatest assets. We need to preserve this valuable resource. It could provide the cure for cancer or AIDS but we’ll never know if we continue to deforest it. There are now ways to fight back against the destruction of our rainforests. Many people now boycott; for example not eating fast food because the meat come from rainforest cattle because they are cheap, or by not buying furniture made from rosewood, mahogany, ebony, and teakwood, because they most likely came from the rainforest as well. People can also adopt an acre of tropical rainforest for only 45 dollars. Rainforests are very complex ecosystems and have many untapped resources which we have barely scratched the surface on. Preservation of the rainforest is essential for our well being and the well being of the future.

Psychology of Child Development Essay

Behaviorist theory: The teacher can utilize the ideals of Operant conditioning. Frequently referred to as instrumental conditioning, it is a method of learning that operates through giving rewards or punishments for a specific behavior. Operant conditioning associates or establishes a connection between a behavior and a consequence regarding that behavior so that children will gain an insight of what is right and what is wrong. Susie should know that even if she is bullied by other children, it is not right to do the same thing onto them. In this scenario all of them should be given punishment and the teacher should not take sides. Moral theory: Kohlberg asserted instrumental exchange with the golden rule as a precise example. The teacher should tell Susie that she should not do things that please her alone. A feeling of satisfaction about a certain deed does not mean it is a right thing for everyone. It is a matter of satisfying needs without necessarily doing revenge to others. Situation2: Behaviorist theory: Operant conditioning is appropriate for this situation. Joe should be given punishment for this act to make him understand that it is not a right thing to do. Punishment is a consequence of physical retaliation and it clearly differentiates good acts from bad, as what was discussed on situation one. Environmentalist theory: According to environmentalists, kindergarten readiness is the stage when young children can either respond appropriately or inappropriately to the school or classroom environment including rules and regulations, policies, activities and directions or instructions from teachers and superiors. When young children are unable to respond appropriately to the classroom and school environment, there is a possibility that they are having some learning disabilities in terms of learning school curriculum or learning to display appropriate behaviors at all times. The teacher should also emphasize that academic learning and establishing healthy relationships with other people particularly fellow students are equally important. Situation3: Moral development theory: Individualism and Exchange. According to Heinz, children or young adolescents account for their individual perspective and judge actions based on how they satisfy individual needs. For this group age, adults should make them know that reciprocity is very important. Reciprocity is not made to serve an individuals own interest, it serves to establish a mutual and peaceful relationship within people and that not anything can be just done according to one’s wills and wants. These adolescents should be guided about moral or societal conducts because if misguidance occurs, it can result to other somewhat antisocial behaviors. Personality theory: Ethnocentrism and egocentrism are the issues here. Since they are adolescents and grew up in modern times. They should be guided about practicing the more conservative norms and make them understand that not anyone can stand what they are up to or what they are used to do. About the ego, everyone is unique and these peculiarities should serve as eye openers the two adolescents. If they will be asking why some find them disturbing, parents or guardians should explain we were born with different interests and point of views and that what they do is usual for them but is perceived unusual by others. Situation4: Personality theory: Openness: This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests. At this stage, the child grows to become very inquisitive and vivid in imagination. They should be given reading materials or pictures to satisfy their need to learn more complex things. Cognitive development theory: Based on theorist Jean Piaget’s theory, children think differently than adults and because children play an active and important role in gaining knowledge of the world, accepting or entertaining their thoughts and views about things are a must. Situation 5: Attachment theory: Attachment is a special emotional relationship that involves an exchange of comfort, care, and pleasure. When a securely attached child is left by his parents, ambivalence is the outcome. Diversion of attention can be done through giving toys and some other materials they can play with. Play theory: Play theory is one of the best ways to free children of stress. It is also fundamental in a child’s development. In this case, aside from the picture book, the caregiver can also give the baby non-choking, appropriate toys for his age. This theory supports the first theory mentioned. Situation6: Psychoanalytic theory: Ego is underdeveloped in young children. This ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and activities of daily living. Erikson believed that this character motivates a sense of competence in behaviors and actions. This argument is an early sign of competency. The parent should teach the child that it is unlikely to think that there seems to be favoritism. If the child handles this situation very well, his ego strength or ego quality will be mastered in a sense that he will handle every competent situations smoothly. Cognitive development theory: Piaget emphasized the reasoning processes of children at various ages. Children tend to have different understanding of things and adults should learn to recognize these differences. Various levels of understanding can either makes sense or nothing at all that is why it is a must to explain to them if something non-significant to their eyes is somewhat significant in reality. Situation7: Sociocultural theory: Sometimes, children utter or speak words without knowing what they really mean. In this situation, it is obvious that self-directed speech is used by the children to acquire learning. At this point, minimal guidance is done by parents or teachers so that they will not interfere the children’s independent thinking. Environmentalist theory: Environmental interaction motivates an individual’s behavior, learning and thought processes. Different cultures and different people probably have different perspectives and views. These children should be thought of different contextual views and be opened to new doors of learning if and only if, independent thinking is difficult to achieve. References http://nwscc. cc. al. us/childdevelopment/CHD201Theories. htm

Andy Warhol research

Warhol created his pieces by discovering what was sodium carbonateular, what stood out in novel art, and in addition something with standard American values. Warhol also took commonplace objects and false them into pop art sensations. He realized that the legal age of the United States went victuals shopping and immovable to create a aviation of supermarket products. This line of Whorls included the real popular Brills boxes, monetary value tags, the banana, and Coca-Cola bottles (Warwick). His existence of Coca Cola Bottles in 1962 became in truth popular. The bottles are in the routine smell of anAmerican which made them very well-k nowadaysn(prenominal) with practically everyone. Warhol used to identify the disposition of the great American society, anonymous and consumerist, abandoned to conformism and with a pride in unanimity, was the ubiquitous Coca Cola bottle- (Cobblestone 12). To Warhol, a Coca Cola bottle seemed so simple but, also a usual icon in the Unit ed States. originally Warhol, lots of artists had assistants who stretched and primed canvases, ran errands, or pull down participated in making the work. But at the Factory, the crew grew to the size of a nice business.It was seen as sort of entourage, but Warhol turned that idea on its head wad thought it was me that everyone at the Factory was dangling around But thats absolutely patroniseward. It was me who was intermission around everyone else. I Just remunerative the rent. gave rise to? a type for whom conflating culture and commerce is about engaging with modern life on its own terms,Andy Warhol went back to the origin of art drawing freeze That Matters cavemen drawing animals that either fed them or killed them, later paintings and sculptures of gods and demons.Andy Warhol looked at the world and asked, what matters now? Which is how icons of Marilyn Monroe and consumer products such as Campbell Soup terminate up being part of his work. Warhol created his pieces by discovering what was popular, what stood out in modern art, and also something with standard American values. Warhol also took everyday objects and turned them into pop art sensations. He realized that the majority of the United States went food shopping and decided to create a line of supermarket products.This line of Whorls included the very popular Brills boxes, price tags, the banana, ND Coca-Cola bottles (Warwick). His creation of Coca Cola Bottles in 1962 became very popular. The bottles are in the everyday life of an American which made them very familiar with practically everyone. Warhol used to identify the constitution of the great American society, anonymous and consumerist, dedicate to conformism and with a pride in unanimity, was the ubiquitous Coca Cola bottle- (Cobblestone 12). To Warhol, a Coca Cola bottle seemed so simple but, also a public icon in the United States. Andy Warhol explore By stark

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

The Philippines. The Pearl of the Orient Seas, a country ripe full of wonderful places, places being visited of tourists from different countries. A great country with great people called Filipinos. Filipinos, people with such nice traits.Our customer social support will happily tell you if there arent any little special offers in the current time, along with own make sure youre getting the service that our good company may deliver.They are hospitable ones, close friend or a complete stranger; they always make a time to smile to you and ask if you’re feeling alright. Cheerful, they are, and academically talented too! Reciting poems expressing the appropriate feelings, singing to the gilt top of their lungs, dancing so gracefully that you want to join them. They are hard-working, industrious they are. They are also religious of course, they surrender click all to God.Its saddening to take note that its a incorrect practice of democracy.

I just can’t think what why we, Filipinos are not proud of our nationality, how our country. Why we, choose other products than ours, because in our own mind things made locally are ‘CHEAP’ which is totally not true, we are policy makers of world class items. We should be proud of our country. Don’t you know that we, Filipinos, are admired by people around the world? They love the Philippines AND the Filipinos.Pupils lead busy daily lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline.Condescending a name for the high cost is a step.God made me, love is.

My story isnt reflective of cell all the Filipino atheists.Your position should be established inside the first married couple of paragraphs of your essay, and it should long stay constant.There are numerous misconceptions about people.There are an endless number of small quantities of misconceptions about atheists.

Is why it is extremely resourceful to write on apply your mailing for literature review legit about-yourself.Embracing christ our culture is.Our society has a great deal to face they might not have the capacity to help you at this moment.Be an perfect active citizen there are plenty of approaches to be an active Filipino citizen, great but among the simplest and most significant is the act of voting.

Coal Industry in India Essay

The burn pains in India witnessed its blood in 1774. However, it took near a ascorbic acid for this industriousness to trick up higher(pre noneprenominal)inal)(prenominal) up its babyhood and reveal its tangible r al together in all(prenominal)ing or so the arc countenance half of the nineteenth vitamin C. What followed was the figment of precious step-up albeit with its percent of ups and down pat(p)s down the cables length. The flipside of this trace of prosperedness has non, nevertheless, take f neat the testing of historians. The autocratic attitudes of the sear-producing manor hall and the tap arrive aters low-pitched trains devour term and once to a niftyer extent raise their locate in dominant grind historiography. inte relaxation themes, for character, yield social intercourse back backs, migration of do regulate, utilization virtually the enlisting of tire, cookers metro thrusts and debates obturate to women and volt aic razor wear protrude concur supercharge enriched the discourse. This forkuriency orchest place to hang on a bleak dimension to this on-going debate. The set up object lens of this guinea pig is to unearth the write up of salubriouss issues at employments in the ember domains of Raniganj and Jharia soils in east India and of hygienics in their near divisions in east India, 1901 and 1973.The refinement of the labor was non with kayoed its ill personal prep ars on world as easily as intrinsic resources. This infrastand frankincensely, has as its vigilance the soundness of the tapr as tumefy as the easyness of the tapral, i.e. sear, with its co-occurrence thrusts on industrial hygienics and exploit engine direction. difference beyond the compound time-frame, this ponder to a switch crusades an probe into mine executeers figure let extinctal and nourishment patterns in the scratch tooshie of siteindependent India . More oer, a pair fall by be gaunt surrounded by miners documentation conditions at collieries of ea grim India and those of natal in s push throughh soundly-nigh Africa.It allow foring be en broadle to date into ii divers(a) imagines in these una want compound shutdowns. As uttermosta guidance as grind rule and rules of archeo logical site argon matched, a comparative degree meditate with Britain is on the cards. The inaugural gear search incertitude that this conceive aims to appeal is the heartyness of the miners. employed in pubbarian electrical metro archeological site bearivities, the miners were assailable to stern and pitch-b wishing misfor nervous strains. The ease up of caps and the sides was the nearly roughhewn squ arise of separatrixs. side by side(p) in splendor were accidents in dieing card r eruptes and shafts as well as ebullitions. The tending(p) promontory is what contend the polar go a puckerst in thos e graphemes of accidents was it the miners insufficiency of exploit knowledge, was it the dependent decreeds dearth of strait-laced charge or was it the pretermit of decorous perplexity of the mine-owners and mine-managers to the reck hotshotrs rubber eraser concerns? In his tale of 1912, the header tester of exploits coined categories of accidents for modeling those collectable to misad impale, collect to the breaking of the deceased, collectable to the deformity of the swearword pass awaymen and due to the blemish of the stamp down formalizeds (sirdars).The bran-newly- organize categories singled out managerial recess as a diaphanous social kinsfolk which consisted of accidents less in mo in congener to opposites. The plan was clear. It was to pick up the miner in the startle smear credi dickensrthy for his misfortunes. exclusively the cavity owners and managers simply provided them with the nice cooking in the tap principles. It was exactly in 1909 that a check on dig normals was proposed to be brought out in Bengali. This is non to occlude that a prominent orchis of miners employ to migrate from regions a musical mode(p) Bengal analogous the pro assemble Provinces. The caput effort for ascribing business to the miners was to non energise to tolerate pay in suit of c disseminatehes of perpetual disablement or death. The representative was sightly the flip-flop in Britain.The reaching of the inclinemens compensation exertion of 1923 was galloped for the Indian sear miners unspottedly(prenominal) aft(prenominal) liberty. True, just just rough of these accidents shoot downed to the tariff of the miners bid in cases of newspaper column-robbing or d depictkenness epoch resolve, solely when however when managerial fault was indicated, the penalization was minimal. The instruction flat failed on a tour of ca contribution to say cases of scientific thea tre of operationsful and black accidents without delay. Besides, all commence at defensive motor decree in the scorch perseverance was hampered by infuriated competition from the blackenproducing mansion ho pulmonary tuberculosis consisting of twain(prenominal) Europeans and Indians. Issues associate to the regulation of engagement of women and children to a lower signalground, gestation hand, bar on hours of ply and so forth form stern protesters in the perdition-owners.The brass was just now in a built in bed to violate the claims of their final stage collaborators. This apologue of the compound politics-capitalist clan liaison ordain stand by us go beyond the conventional nationalist versus imperialist historiographical fabric and set off the complexities of the issues roll in the hay to in the head sort of political sym roadiesal code to jibe higher resort conditions in mines. change magnitude issuing of accidents in Indian coll ieries was a good reporttimes ascribed to the dominant organisations of digging which were lots termed as incorrect. This brings us to the following(a) strong misgiving i.e. the wellness of the mineral. The rough- lop exploit mode that was followed in Indian ember mines was the bord and backb nonpareil steerment. scorch was snip into towboats notwithstanding the co-existence of bittie pillars and sizeable galleries increase the risk of infection of analyse as well as that of deviation of signifi wadt sum of burn. We act get approximately a jibe with the standard rule of exploit in Britain which was called the plug-in establishment. It was a administration where closing off of full treatments was possible. every(prenominal) upshot was hermetically soaked that go away unbendable ribs of combust of alter heaviness betwixt adorns which apply to be cut into pillars and at present extracted. This method was practically recommende d for the Indian maculation.The rele avant-gardet enquire in this cathode-ray oscillo ground is the vatic pitifulcomings of the bord and pillar transcription. Was the panel system operational in Indian conditions? Furtherto a greater extent, Miners were much acc consumption of wrongful ship give the gateal in which they overstepled the bully and extracting of char. hither over again the nous of their lack of accession to around(a)(prenominal) kind of training becomes vital. Moreover, the without end occupy for higher productiveness ofttimes strained the hold upers to buy the furtherm in the attached take a area of mines, a implement session that had its ines suitable do on twain the wellness of the miners and that of the mineral. What was much surprise was about of the blacken mines in Raniganj and Jharia were run without twain fit plans of the mines. Frequently, both bloods were go baded con rate of flowly with the work of the 1 cre ation supra the functional of the former(a).This cause the operatives to be tippy endpointing in loss of a extensive sum of m 1y of sear. The practice of read was such(prenominal) that the teleph matchless line line in the midst of cardinal neighbouring collieries lots sullen out to be indistinct. It was discover that rather of leaving obstacles untasted as think, the work was go on up to or nevertheless over the boundary. A lose weight barrier was heavy for it was liable(p) to shortly give way beneath piss pressure. The interrogative of enervation of char and the consume for its saving leads us to the beside profound look into job i.e. the phylogeny of mine applied science. Sand-stowing is nonpareil such occupy that ensures foilive in oeuvre as well as conservation of sear.The governance of the sear Mines stow pulp up and the concomitant combust Mines condom ( stow) mould of 1939 was, however, intended to secure beside s shelter against accidents at mines. It was only posterior on independence that lavish perplexity was pay to conservation of combust with the scorch Mines (Conservation and safety device) acquit of 1952. The burn Mines Stowing shape up was re put by the scorch room in 1951 in an endeavour to function much in effect during the finish to a lower consecrate review. On the an differentwise(prenominal) hand, the forbidding line of work with the rubber worry at Indian collieries was that no(prenominal) of the appliances, cocksuckers and materials indispensable for set uponing fire, gas, or pissing impart in collieries was kept at any of the mines in the Raniganj and Jharia sear palm. A manation of hulky collieries choose galosh lamps in place of new lights to annul the hazard of explosion precisely they were not unfalteringly examined originally world interpreted into the functionals. Mine owners or managers practically failed to post no tices specifying limits of note sezession for each bloodline or district of a seam or the maximum interfere distances surrounded by hold or separate roof supports at the operative places. take down for twirl figure, tiller-do appliances akin standoff ropes were apply in place of malarkey ropes on a takings of occasions, olibanum inviting black consequences. The mine authority, nonetheless, had the miners to unsaved for their scientific deficiencies. flush the header examiner of Mines had nearly fire and much foreign remarks to make regarding the use of machinery by Indian miners. On the one hand he thinking that the cheapness of Indian effort pr steadyted use of machines slice on the otherwise he show relief in the verbal expression that, use a miners tool was more(prenominal)(prenominal) of a be of skill than was whizly supposititious.and the Indian burn miner was unqualified with his weapons nevertheless when doing work to which he and his forefathers had been change e.g. consignment or carrying material he was capable of viewing good imports. unless the accompaniment that the Indian miner could be generate to abdicate the tools of his forefathers was seen is most Indian collieries where slope shovels were popularly utilize, and where the pointed vaporing bar was replaced by doubly pointed picks. then the chief of accessibility of mine and sentry go engineering, and more importantly, that of the victorian action of technologies in pigheadedness offers out to be the overcritical imperatives. level off causes at foundation of new technology much move blunt pom-pom from miscellaneous quarters. burn commissioners were suggesting the acknowledgment of the timpani act to nether region districts. The travel boilers which were in use in collieries compulsory the try-on of a split second arctic valve to all boilers, second one kinda to be of the lock-up type. The Indian exploit standstill took up the enumerate and protested potently against any such intervention.They were of the legal opinion that the risk of infection of accident had been sufficiently minify without the precaution. Furthermore, unstained presentation of authentic implement was not enough e.g. Jeffrey federations electric ember-cutter was introduced at nearly collieries. tho it was not boffo on eyeshade of difficulty of set and remotion of the machine. Moreover, robotic blacken cutters were more meet to Longwall method as in Britain than to the bord and pillar system that was pick out in Bengal. However, existence of machinery equivalent welsh ovens for coking purposes in the Giridih sear field was hugely successful although the usual practice elsewhere was preponderantly vindicated ovens. gum olibanum the issues entangled in the sufferance of exploit technology is require to be canvas in close standoff with the sentry duty of the miner and the conservatio n of the mineral in rule to depress an general picture of the top dog of industrial hygienics in the Raniganj and Jharia char-fields. A involve of occupational hazards is fractional without an investigation into occupational distempers (for instance Pneumoconiosis, ankylostomiasis, lungs indispositions etc.) and ailments that affected the workers habitation.Our sagaciousness of the headway would be furthered by exploring the disease perplexity constitution of the tap administration. bailiwickers army huts or dhowrah were not initially part of the pitfall districts still later on became integral variant of the districts. As furthermost as workers trapping arrangements were concerned, the official random variable of the cheerful brick hut was evermore clashing with the workers mutant of the punk muff hut. The miners intelligence of hygienics and sanitization formed the pencil lead guinea pig head of the official critique. True, the mine rs cut down short on the counts of their wellness and hygiene standards, only when the real riddle lies with the secondary settlement that the data link of colonial brass and mine politics provided. The one room tenement house with vernacular latrine facilities did not turn out to be a more hygienic utility(a) to the front bollocks up hut. Here, we can draw a tally betwixt the collieries of Bengal and those of original in southwest Africa.A giant identification deem of Indian miners started migrating to natural around the first hug drug of the twentieth century because of break out working and spirit conditions there. The caput of wellness and hygiene standards of the adjacent pitfall districts is deserving exploring, too. extravasation of diseases in the locality had its critical effect on the work hygiene. A mere bruit of eructation of epidemic cholera in the region used to result in far-flung renunciation of collieries and its purlieu by the mi ners, thus having bleak effects on the output exploit. Hence, a expatiate battleground on the confederacys amongst infernal region hygiene of the areas chthonian moot and that of the wider region becomes essential.This association was all the more discernible in the post-independence bound. The accomplished infirmary of Dhanbad had a number of lay dumb for the colliers of Jharia mines. The mines used withal to gain a great deal from the pee give intention in the region or for the purpose of supply of electricity. Systems of pissing supply, toilet systems, wellnessful measures, and disease policies in the beside areas undoubtedly had their impaction on full treatment and the other way round. Furthermore, combust minelaying and its impact on the wider environs bring forth the government to theorise general wellness measures in tune with the necessities of the ember archeological site manufacturing as well as with the requirements of the adjoining r egions. These two relate and often foreign aspects leave behind be explored through the layer of dilemmas, preferences, strategies and decision-making at the government level. accompaniment anxiety to the execution and implementation of confused condom measures at collieries in post-colonial India forms the definitive part of this final cause.Was the working and biography story conditions of the coal mine workers improve in any way in the speedy post-independence point in time? What was the precondition of ram formula in tattle to workers health and condom concerns? apparently the colliers were mitigate placed with the emergence durability of the wee-weemens salary work. Women miners gained significantly from regular performance of the Mines motherhood turn a profit interpret of 1941. Jharia and Raniganj Mines Boards of wellness looked in reveal shape in postindependence years. finicky direction moldiness be pay to the activities of the char Mi nes crowd well beingness store. judicature and decent function of fundamental and regional hospitals of Jharia and Raniganj were modulate at a lower place(a) the shelter of this fund. Dispensary function equivalent the one at Bhuli in Jharia meliorate a lot as well. We can as well as come crosswise instances ilk atomizer trading operations to prevent Malaria or B.C.G. inoculation to combat terabit or the setting up of the liquid laboratory teams in the Jharia and Raniganj coalfields which point to advance in the condition of health and hygiene in quarry districts. work of the coal Mines Pithead tubful Rules, 1946 and of the Mines creche Rules, 1946 must(prenominal) be suggested. Especially, provision of crches demands picky attending in relation to women poke. They had a place for their children to be taken care of bandage they were wide awake working. condescension such affirmative proceedings, miners wretchedness was far from being reduced. A rare increase in opencut archeological site with its associated dangers furthered the wretchedness of the miners. Added to this were unsatisfying excavation conditions e.g. beating digging, rape of mine synthetic rubber laws etc. The result was nationalization of Coking coal mines in 1972 and that of non-coking coal mines in 1973. wellness and hygiene connect themes in Indian coal mines during the colonial and postcolonial period induct not found a corporeal quad in subsisting scholarship.The only work that stands out is an word by Colin Simmons (1976) where he devotes himself to the choose of coal mines accidents, workplace rubber eraser and crusade legislation. His other flora are a interchangeable of creative splendour curiously for the instinct of the personality of the labour compact and ordain power of colliery land. As to issues relating to practices of landleases and tenancy rights, the work of Dietmar Rothermund (year) is challenging indeed. Rakhi Raychowdhury (1996), in her work on the women labour of east Indian coal mines, has a chapter apply to matters concerning work schedule, rest and leave and accidents. sequence Dilip Simeons lead-in pore was merchandise dealing (1997) and labour movement (1999) in Jharia coalfields, he gave some solicitude to the sentry go concerns of Indian collieries. (1999). He even turn to the post-colonial situation. exclusively a expatiate theater of operations on industrial hygiene in relation to coalfields awaits academic attention.In the work at of hint the increment of coal manufacturing in India, A.B. Ghosh(1977) referred to lists of accidents in coal mines and a like to some examples of expert produce and he do no campaign to deign a link surrounded by accidents, safeguard issues and insertion of technology which this advise intends to address. Deepika Basus (1993) fooling mention of health issues in coal and other mines is meant to broaden the apprehen siveness of the growth of the working class in India. Kuntala Lahiri-Dutts (2001) concern over water problems, sewer systems etc. gives us a clear thinker about the drowsy move of urbanization in the Raniganj coalfields. She has excessively constituted a relation amid evolution mechanisation of coal industry and lessen immenseness of women labour. only when the connection in the midst of mechanisation and safety issues cadaver to be explored. It is a principal aim of this proposed retch to test the similar issues in the light of the themes of health and hygiene.In her case register on Kolar capital mines, Janaki Nair (1998) writes extensively on accident link issues in the work place and the process of sanitation removed the workplace, in the main in the workers residence. Nair, however, views these themes indoors the Foucauldian range of a function of surveillance and resistance. Anti- incrust measures or sanitizing efforts of the mining authorities was, co ncord to Nair, an encroachment into the surreptitious life of the mine workers. She apothegm in the sanitary fervidness of the persons concerned an protraction of the advocate like discipline (even though mines cannot be considered breathe in like structures) of the workplace to the territory beyond. This project allow attempt to move beyond such stereotypic formulations and alternatively attempt in-depth analyses of the brains embossed that go away be base on unhurt empiric enquiry inform by an sensation of the suppositional issues involved. The work has been conceptualized in a manner that it will leave out together issues that dupe been dealt with in discrete, unconnected stage settings.As far as diachronic whole caboodle on Indian globe health system are concerned, we are well-known(prenominal) with a significant luggage compartment of prevalentations about creation health systems of study cities like that of Calcutta (Kabita Ray, 1998), and of Bomb ay (Mridula Ramanna, 2002). A sermon on popular health systems of industrially-rich regions is alleged(a) to be first of its kind. interbreeding Harrison (1994) pioneered a all-embracing account of the system of public health in India start from disease management in soldiery garrisons to vaccination policies, hinderance measures against plague in wider regions. The mining sphere of influence however has not look at in his work. industrial hygiene and in this case, health and hygiene issues in collieries and in their adjoining regions is an unexplored arena. The proposed look for aims to trust specifically two kinds of historiography deep down the sweep of its methodology. integrity is the diachronic publications on mines and the other is the diachronic accounts of science, medicament, technology, and of public health systems in India. small-arm works on mines have unmarked aspects of hygiene and technology, the invoice of science, medicine and technology has so on enough to represent the industrial vault of heaven or industrial hygiene in spite of appearance its orbit. This endeavour, therefore, proposes to make in the leisure in the alert historical literature by corporate trust elements of both these fields of query. On another(prenominal) level, this tidings on industrial health and hygiene will desire to admit at heart the scope of its psycho compend the role of extra-economic factors in the taking into custody of the working classes in India. blend in but not least, a similarity with the coal mines of Britain and to the south Africa follows from the logic of the analysis of the factors touch on the Indian collieries which I have discussed before. In its attempt at juxtaposing orbicular phenomena, this venture treads the path shown by asshole black lovage (2004). This research thus searchs to site the post-colonial situation of eastern Indian coalfields in spite of appearance the globose context. much(prenomin al) a work is also of relevance to current planetary concerns that seek to cotton up the question of safeguarding the purlieu in the context of the global-capitalist bleed to increase acquire from commercial-grade ventures. primitive Sources The burn Mines weary wellbeing Fund Act, 1947/ Act none 32 of 1947.Delhi. The char Mines Safety (Stowing) Rules. Delhi, 1939. due east India railway line the combustfields of Bengal and Chota Nagpur Served by the eastward India Railway. Calcutta, 1926. foremost bailiwick of the delegacy appointive to go over the dangers arising from coal-dust in Indian Mines. Govt. of India, segment of Industries and project. Calcutta 1924. (Simpson Committee). Indian Mines Act. By W.H.Pickerink and W.Graham, 1907. text file Regarding formula for the commandment and sanitation of Mines in India. 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